Mihai Anatolii CIOBANU

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0018

Abstract: In the present study, we continue the analysis of urban plans discovered at the MilitaryHistorical Archive in Moscow, more precisely two plans of the Bishopric of Buzău. In the campaigns of 1771 and 1809-1810, the Russian officers showed interest in the “monastery” where the bishopric was based, because its walls could easily be used for defense in the event of attacks from the Turks. In this text we analyze the two plans, the context of their realization, details and comparison with other sources.

Keywords: urban plans; Wallachia; Buzau; Bishopric; Russian topographers.

Gheorghe LAZĂR

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0017

Résumé: Les recherches des dernières décennies ont mis en évidence encore une fois le rôle que l’aide accordé par les princes des pays roumains a joué dans la survivance au fil de temps des établissements religieuses trouvés dans l’espèce de l’Orthodoxie, tout en contribuant à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de la transmission de l’héritage byzantin après la disparition de l’Empire, au milieu du XVe siècle, sous les coups d’armé ottoman. Dans cette perspective, la présente étude offre des nouvelles informations sur les contacts des principautés roumaines, au XVIIIe siècle, avec deux établissements du Mont Athos: les monastères Karakalu et Lavra (Saint Athanase). Pas moins de sept nouvelles chartes princières identifiées par l’auteur dans les fonds d’archives roumains, sont en mesure de souligner une fois de plus l’intensité de ces liens au XVIIIe siècle, une période qui n’est pas encore suffisamment étudiée. Dans l’annexe de l’étude, l’auteur publie le contenu intégral de ces documents, dont trois se réfèrent au monastère de Karacalu (11 mai 1765; 26 septembre 1776; 1782) et les quatre autres (ou cinq!) au monastère Lavra (1 octobre 1781; 16 janvier 1784; 30 novembre 1792; 13 septembre 1793, reconfirmé en 19 septembre 1799).

Mots-clés: donations; monastère Karakalu; monastère Lavra (Saint Athanase); chartes princières; Valachie; Moldavie.

Mihai-Bogdan ATANASIU

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0016

Abstract: The Goia family is old in Moldavia, being documented in the second half of the 16th century. Its first representatives were part of the political elite of the country, they became rich and integrated into the solidarity network of the great nobility of the time. After one of them took part in the murder of the ruler Gaşpar Graţiani (1620), the family began to decline in the social hierarchy, by being removed from public office and by the uncontrolled sharing of wealth among descendants. At the beginning of the 18th century, several branches of the family had been separated from the common trunk of the family tree, living in the Roman and Suceava counties. The collection of documents from the Doljeşti Monastery, the foundation of one of the descendants, is by far the main source of information for researching the history of this lineage. The present study is a first step in this research and represents the biographical and prosopographical reconstruction of the members of the branch of Sandu Goia (son of the vassal Dumitrache Goia and Aniţa Tăutu) and his children: Catrina, Dumitrache (monk Dosoftei) and Ştefan. This historical reconstruction is based on the 24 unique documents published in full in the Appendix.

Keywords: Goia family; Doljesti Monastery; genealogy; prosopography; Moldova; 18th century.

Celestin IGNAT

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0015

Abstract: In this study we follow the activity carried out by the country’s chancellery during the third reign of Gheorghe Duca in Moldavia (1678-1683). I focused my attention on the two great logothetes who led this institution in these years, namely Nicolae Racoviţă and Miron Costin, but I also considered the second and third logothete, such as Vasile Gheuca, Gavril Neaniul or Neculai Murgulet. For each of these, we followed the “career” prior to Duca’s return to Moldova, why the old logothetes were replaced by new ones, what were the relations between the prince and the boyars and so on. I was also interested in whether these boyars or their families enjoyed the benefits of the office, and the jobs they held during this time. It is known that the relations between the prince and the country’s elite were not the best, with the boyars pursuing the overthrow of the Duca, attempting a resumption of the revolt from the second reign. Even if they failed to implement the plan, they did not give up the idea, some fled to Poland, when the prince was out of the country (Neculai Murgulet), others ended up beheaded (like Vasile Gheuca), and others waited until 1683, when they left the prince and joined the Polish troops (Neculai Racoviţă), thus succeeding in removing Gheorghe Duca from the Moldavian throne. Only Miron Costin proved loyal to the prince until the end.

Keywords: Moldavia; Gheorghe Duca; Chancellery; Poland; boyars.

Radu CÂRCIUMARU

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0014

Abstract: The end of the 16th century and the first decades of the following century confirm the crystallization of a merchant community in the old princely residence of Târgovişte captured through the transactions carried out by characters such as Iane Zaraful, Ghinea Mustache or Fota de Târgovişte. The penetration of the Greek language and culture in the Romanian principalities is defined by the appearance of the Greek and Latin School, crowned by the presence of teachers such as Paisie Ligaridis or Ignatie Petritis, mentioned even into the work Îndreptarea Legii, printed in Târgovişte, in 1652, by Daniil Panonianul. On the direct involvement of a Greek in the life of Târgovişte, as a representative of the central power, we have the example of the Pascale, who in the last two decades of the 17th century will create a real domain here, under the protection of prince Constantin Brâncoveanu. At the beginning of the 21st century, archaeological research brought back the question of the presence of this ethnic group in the old town, without attempting to correlate the discovery with historical-documentary data. In the area of the Târgovişte town hall, a construction that seemed to belong to the 16th-17th centuries was discovered in 2005. It was called the Church of the Greeks, based on a mention here of a place once called the mahalle of the Greeks. Without trying to deny the importance of foreign merchants in the economic and political life of Târgoviste, in the present study we underline the inconsistencies that appeared in the archaeological surveys, which raise serious problems regarding the chronological framing and functionality of this building.

Keywords: Greeks; merchants; Târgovişte; archaeological research; church; inn.

Ştefan S. GOROVEI

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0013

Résumé: Depuis l’Antiquité, la création de témoignages destinés à attester des situations sans existence réelle (qualités, actions, propriétés, descendances, parentés etc.) a constitué une activité fréquente, bien „récompensée” et sévèrement punie (v. Lex Cornelia de falsis, de l’année 81 av. Chr.). Une des principales sciences soit disant auxiliaires de l’histoire, la diplomatique, a consacré un chapitre spécial aux documents faux et a développé, depuis quelques siècles, des méthodes efficaces pour les identifier. En même temps, le domaine des forgeries s’est élargi, en joignant des „artefacts” dont l’étude revient aussi à d’autres sciences (la sigillographie, la numismatique, la généalogie, l’héraldique, mais aussi l’histoire de la littérature, l’histoire du droit, l’histoire de l’art etc.). Parmi les forgeries célèbres, avec un grand impact politique, social ou culturel, on peut citer la Donatio Constantini, les documents pour le comté d’Artois (affaire racontée dans le roman Les Rois maudits), les Protocoles des Sages de Sion et, avant que le XXe siècle s’achève, les journaux de Hitler. De tels témoignages, intégralement ou partiellement faux, ne manquent pas à l’histoire roumaine, mais personne ne s’est hasardé à démarrer une recherche globale et détaillée. Du point de vue du temps de leur création, les forgeries qui intéressent l’histoire roumaine appartiennent, il va sans dire, aux siècles dominés par la culture écrite, mais les grandes „pièces” datent des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles ; du point de vue du temps de référence, ils couvrent une très longue période, depuis l’abandon de la Dacie par l’administration romaine, au temps de l’empereur Aurélien (271 ap. Chr.) jusqu’à l’époque moderne. Dans le cas de la principauté de Moldavie (où s’est cantonnée la communication de l’auteur), à côté des forgeries „banales” (les actes de propriété), on peut ranger une chronique et un fragment de chronique, les forgeries „patriotiques” de B. P. Hasdeu, la „correspondance” du prince Étienne le Grand avec l’archevêque d’Ochrid (1456), les actes du Synode de l’Église moldave qui aurait eu lieu à Jassy (Iaşi) en 1752, plusieurs témoignages d’intérêt généalogique, et d’autres encore, jusqu’à une autobiographie entièrement inventée au XXe siècle.

Mots-clés: forgeries; faux pieux; faux patriotiques; lettres; documents; chroniques apocryphes; généalogies inventées; la vérité des faussaires.

Alexandru ŞTEFAN

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0012

Abstract: Stephan of Sânger, lay notary of the Cluj-Mănăştur convent between 1370-1383, took part, driven for surely by abbot Otto (1360-1383), in probably the largest institutional initiative of documentary forgery in Late Medieval Transylvania, in order to expand the estates of this very important and influent Benedictine monastery in the region. At the same time with this illegal activity, taking the model of his superior, it seems that Stephan developed his own immoral strategy, in order to increase the wealth and inheritance of his wife Elisabeth, the noble daughter of Kalach of Sânmărtin, not without forging documents. Therefore, the purpose of this approach is to follow the most detailed trail of this strategy, to record its mechanism and to capture its consequences, even after the tragic and violent death of Stephan. The paper ends with an appendix in which the most important documentary pieces of the subject are recovered.

Keywords: charters; notary; false documents; forged seals; inheritance; descendants; filial quarter; quarrel; trial.

Claudiu-Costel LUCA

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0011

Abstract: The work deals, from a historiographical perspective, with the delimitation of the evolutionary stages of the Roman imperial monarchy in Liber de Caesaribus by Sextus Aurelius Victor. This topic has attracted the attention of several researchers in recent decades: Chester Starr, Willem Den Boer, Pierre Dufraigne, Eugen Cizek, Giorgio Bonamente, Nelu Zugravu and Moisés Antiqueira. However, the subjective nature of the chronological scheme developed by Aurelius Victor has led to divergent conclusions. These refer to the number of chronological cuts, the determining criteria for division, the factors that the Latin historian took into account in demarcating the historical periods or cycles, on the one hand, and to the philosophical, religious and moral resources that founded such a chronology, on the other hand.

Keywords: chronology; historiography; the 4th century; Liber de Caesaribus; Sextus Aurelius Victor.

Nelu ZUGRAVU

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0010

Abstract: Our contribution analyzes one of the youthful writings of the Romanian historian and archaeologist Vasile Pârvan, still very little known in Romanian historiography – M. Aurelius Verus Caesar și L. Aurelius Commodus, A. D. 138-161. Studiu istoric (Bucharest, 1909). At that time, it was recommended as unique in Romanian historiography, from at least three points of view: 1. It was the first scientific imperial biography in modern Romanian culture. 2. It opened a new direction of investigation – the history of ancient ideas. 3. It addresses an original problem of the institutional history of the Roman Empire, namely the “personal and public law relations” between Hadrian and Antoninus Pius and the “future first co-emperors Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Verus” and between the latter among themselves – specifically, the question of coregency and of the collegiality of sovereign power. In this pioneering work in the field, Vasile Pârvan formulated points of view close to identity with those of some contemporary historians: a) He advanced the idea that Hadrian’s regulation of 25 February 138 whereby the emperor adopted Aurelius Antoninus, and he adopted Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius, was in fact referring to Marcus Aurelius. b) He intuited an extremely important aspect of the phenomenon of imperial succession implemented by Hadrian, without, however, formulating it explicitly, namely the succession in steps, according to the Augustan model. c) He noted that in 136, when he adopted L(ucius) Ceionius Commodus and gave him the name/title of Caesar, thus becoming L(ucius) Aelius Caesar, Hadrian did not also grant his son of the same name (the future Lucius Verus) cognomen Caesar. The situation was repeated under Antoninus Pius: in 139: Caesar only became Marcus, not Verus. Pârvan, following Theodor Mommsen, believed that this reflected an innovation, an “exceptional procedure” introduced by Hadrian into the succession protocol: only an heir presumptive, only the one truly destined to rule received the title/cognomen of Caesar, not all those adopted and enrolled, theoretically, in the line of succession, as had happened under the first imperial dynasty. d) Finally, the Romanian historian showed that 161, the year of Marcus Aurelius’ accession to the throne, marks another innovative moment in Roman constitutional history: Marcus granted his brother Lucius Verus not only the title of Caesar, tribunicia potestas, and imperium proconsulare, but also the name-title Imperator… Augustus, making Verus, from co-regent, a “co-emperor”; and thus was born, instead of a coregency, a Sammtherrshaft, a Doppelprinzipat or a “bicephalous principality”, but in which Verus had a subordinate position.

Keywords: Vasile Pârvan; Hadrian; Antoninus Pius; Marcus Aurelius; Lucius Verus; imperial biographies; the history of ancient ideas; the institutional history of the Roman Empire; imperial succession; Sammtherrschaft; Doppelprinzipat.

Ionuţ ACRUDOAE

DOI: 10.47743/asui-2022-0009

Abstract: The auxiliary units entitled I to VIII Breucorum were created after the bellum Pannonicum from 6-9 AD. In the first century AD, cohortes I-VIII Breucorum were stationed in several provinces of the Roman Empire, mainly the ones from the limes. The epigraphic material emphasized 19 militaries from these units in a course of nearly one century. Is is a very low percentage from eight units, 500 people for each unit, during one century.

Keywords: Roman auxilia; cohortes I-VIII Breucorum; first century AD; history; mobility.